Groups of line and circle homeomorphisms. Criteria for almost nilpotency

For finitely-generated groups of line and circle homeomorphisms a criterion for their being almost nilpotent is established in terms of free two-generator subsemigroups and the condition of maximality. Previously the author found a criterion for almost nilpotency stated in terms of free two-generator subsemigroups for finitely generated groups of line and circle homeomorphisms that are $C^{(1)}$-smooth and mutually transversal. In addition, for groups of diffeomorphisms, structure theorems were established and a number of characteristics of such groups were proved to be typical. It was also shown that, in the space of finitely generated groups of $C^{(1)}$-diffeomorphisms with a prescribed number of generators, the set of groups with mutually transversal elements contains a countable intersection of open dense subsets (is residual). Navas has also obtained a criterion for the almost nilpotency of groups of $C^{(1+\alpha)}$-diffeomorphisms of an interval, where $\alpha>0$, in terms of free subsemigroups on two generators.
Bibliography: 21 titles.