Thermodynamics of extraction by solutions of amines and salts of substituted ammonium bases

Extraction systems containing amines and their salts are widely used to concentrate and separate metals. From the theoretical viewpoint, these systems are among the most complex, because of the variety of intermolecular interactions in the organic phase. The explanation and quantitative description of the observed regularities of extraction became possible only as a result of progress in the study of the thermodynamics of binary and multicomponent solutions of salts of substituted ammonium bases in non-polar organic solvents, which make it possible to distinguish the contribution of each type of interaction to the non-ideal character of the solutions. All known "anomalous" features are due to the influence of the hydration of the salts of the substituted ammonium bases on their activity.
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