Implicit ordinary differential equations: bifurcations and sharpening of equivalence

We obtain a formal classification of generic local bifurcations of an implicit ordinary differential equation at its singular points as a single external parameter varies. This classification consists of four normal forms, each containing a functional invariant. We prove that every deformation in the contact equivalence class of an equation germ which remains quadratic in the derivative can be obtained by a deformation of the independent and dependent variables. Our classification is based on a generalization of this result for families of equations. As an application, we obtain a formal classification of generic local bifurcations on the plane for a linear second-order partial differential equation of mixed type at the points where the domains of ellipticity and hyperbolicity undergo Morse bifurcations.