The Second Order Mel'nikov Vector

Mel'nikov's perturbation method for showing the existence of transversal intersections between invariant manifolds of saddle fixed points of dynamical systems is extended here to second order in a small parameter $\epsilon$. More specifically, we follow an approach due to Wiggins and derive a formula for the second order Mel'nikov vector of a class of periodically perturbed $n$-degree of freedom Hamiltonian systems. Based on the simple zero of this vector, we prove an $O(\epsilon^2)$ sufficient condition for the existence of isolated homoclinic (or heteroclinic) orbits, in the case that the first order Mel'nikov vector vanishes identically. Our result is applied to a damped, periodically driven 1-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian and good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment, concerning the threshold of heteroclinic tangency.