Аннотация:
It is known that the famous Painlevé VI equation has surprisingly rich
group of birational symmetries. The equation describe isomonodromic
deformations of $2\times 2$ Fuchsian system with four poles.
The generic case of $N\times N$ matrices with different eigenvalues has the
similar birational symmetries. What about a general case? Are there the same
birational symmetries in the degenerated case of low-dimensional orbits with
multiple eigenvalues, or the situation is similar to the difference between
the twisted and the plane cubics, where the first one is rational and the
second one is not?
I will show that the phase spaces of the Isomonodromic Deformation equations
have the same structure of the birational symplectic manifold in the
degenerated cases too, at least if there are enough number of
one-dimensional eigenspaces. The possibility to define the rational
canonical variables on the same system in several ways, like the
permutations of the basic vectors or renumbering the poles is the source of
the birational symmetries in question.
Let us consider the deformation of the Fuchs equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{d}{dz}\Psi =\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{\sum }}\frac{A^{k}}{z-z^{k}}
\Psi ;\text{ \ }A^{k}\in sl(N,\text{C});\text{ \ }z,z^{k}\in \text{C.}
\label{1}
\end{equation}
It is known that the isomonodromic deformation of this equation may be
associated with some Hamiltonian system defined on the space that we denote
by $O_{J^{1}}\times O_{J^{2}}\times ...\times O_{J^{M}}//$SL($N,$C). This
space is the quotient of he product of the several (co)adjoint orbits $
O_{J^{k}}:=\cup _{g\in \text{SL}(N,\text{C})}gJ^{k}g^{-1}\ni A^{k}$ over the
diagonal (co)adjoint action of SL($N$; C) intersected by the momentum level $
\Sigma :=\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{\sum }}A^{k}=0$.
Let us built a set of the canonical coordinates on an orbit first. The
construction is based on the possibility to project a linear transformation $
A\in $End$V$ along its eigenspace ker($A-\lambda _{1}I)\neq 0$ to End$V/$ker(
$A-\lambda _{1}I)$. The Jordan structure of the projection is defined by the
Jordan structure of $A$, all the Jordan chains corresponding to $\lambda
_{1} $ become one unit shorter. The fiber of the projection is the linear
symplectic space, so after the introducing a basis in $V$ we get the
symplectic fibration. of the orbit. The iteration of the construction gives
the birational symplectomorphism between the orbit $O_{J}$ and the linear
symplectic space with the natural Darboux coordinates.
To parameterize the Isomonodromic Deformation phase space $O_{J^{1}}\times
O_{J^{2}}\times ...\times O_{J^{M}}//$SL($N,$C) it is possible to construct
a basis $\mathbf{e:=}e^{1},...,e^{N}$ rigidly connected with the set of $
A^{1},...,A^{N}:=\bar{A}:$ \begin{equation*}
\mathbf{e}(g^{-1}\bar{A}g)=\mathbf{e}(\bar{A})g.
\end{equation*}
It is equivalent to the factorization with respect to the diagonal adjoint
action of SL($N$; C). The problem is to control the momentum map $\Sigma :=
\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{\sum }}A^{k}=0$.
I will present the iteration procedure for the construction of the basis $
\mathbf{e}$ with the necessary properties. The construction is based on the
following observation.
Let we project each of the transformations $A^{(k)}\in $End$V$ along
its own fixed in someway one-dimensional subspace $K_{1}^{(k)}$ of the
eigenspace ker($A^{(k)}-\lambda _{1}^{(k)})\supset K_{1}^{(k)}$ on one
hyper-subspace $V_{1}\subset V,\dim V_{1}=\dim V-1$. Denote such a
projections by $A_{1}^{(k)}$. Consider the difference $\sigma _{1}$ between
two transformations of $V_{1}$. The first one is the projection back to $
V_{1}$ along any fixed direction $e_{1}^{1}$ of the constriction $\Sigma
|_{V_{1}}$. The second one is the sum of the projections $\underset{k=1}{
\overset{M}{\sum }}A_{1}^{(k)}=\Sigma _{1}$. The observation is: the
transformation$\sigma _{1}\in $End$V_{1}$depends on the
directions ker($A^{(k)}-\lambda _{1}^{(1)}I)$, $im$($A^{(k)}-\lambda
_{1}^{(1)}I)$and$e_{1}^{1}$only.