Generalisation of the penalised wall function method for the simulation of turbulent flows with unfavourable pressure gradients

The penalized wall function method for simulation of compressible near-wall turbulent flow regions in the numerical modeling of viscous compressible flows is developed. The method is formulated as a differential condition to match the outer and the wall function solutions and is based on a generalized characteristic-based volume penalization method to transfer shear stress from the outer region of the boundary layer to the wall. The method is modified to extend its applicability to turbulent flows with adverse pressure gradient, when separation and reattachment zones are formed, as well as to use computational meshes with coarser near-wall resolution. These advantages are demonstrated for two test problems, namely, the flow over a flat plate with zero and adverse pressure gradients.