Effects of measurement and quantization conditions on informative parameters of raindrop echo signal

The physical and mathematical model of the echo signal reflected from cloud-rain systems was presented and substantiated. The algorithms for obtaining unbiased, efficient and consistent estimates of the first and second initial moments of raindrop echo signal were proposed. The estimation schemes of physical parameters of raindrop were proposed based on the reflected signal power estimation, such as induced dipole moment of a raindrop, attenuation during signal propagation along the spherical coordinate of the distance back and forth, and the parameters of the cloud-rain system, such as rain intensity, water content of the cloud-rain system. The correlation between the estimation of dielectric permittivity and conductivity of raindrops was shown. The relationship between the induced dipole moment of raindrops and the estimates of the dielectric permittivity and conductivity of raindrops is shown. This relationship is expressed through the relationship between the optical and electrical characteristics of raindrops. These relations make it possible to create and solve systems of algebraic equations for statistical estimates of the dielectric permittivity and conductivity of raindrops, based on previously performed estimates of the induced dipole moment of raindrops, which are obtained on the basis of statistical algorithms for generating consistent and unbiased estimates of the first and second moments of the rain echo. The relationship of estimation formation with measurement conditions that depend on the time of year and day is shown. The proposed statistical algorithms allow us to eliminate the bias of these estimates of physical parameters caused by three components: thermal noise of the receiver, echo signals received on the side lobes of the antenna and quantization noise. This makes these estimates not only unbiased, but also physically realizable. The formation of estimates based on the proposed algorithms assumes a truly coherent measurement system.