Development of techniques for the cooling of ions

The historical development of techniques for cooling charged particles is presented. It was G I Budker, the founder and first Director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in Novosibirsk, who initiated the development of cooling methods as a means of improving the performance of colliding beams accelerators (now known as colliders). The electron cooling method proposed by G I Budker became the main subject of investigation at BINP. Today, many facilities—ranging from the LHC to those on a moderate university scale—use the electron cooling of heavy ions in nuclear and atomic physics experiments with highly charged ions. The stochastic cooling method proposed by van der Meer has become the primary tool for accumulating and cooling antiprotons.