Radiative gas dynamics of large landing spacecraft

Problems of the radiative gas dynamics of new-generation landing spacecraft are discussed. Numerical and theoretical study of the aerodynamics of large-scale spacecraft of the Orion type entering the Earth's atmosphere along the landing trajectory from the International Space Station is performed in the two-dimensional axially symmetric formulation. Distribution of convective and radiation heat flows along the spacecraft surface is obtained. It is shown that for the typical trajectory of a large spacecraft entering dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere, the density of radiation heat flows is comparable to or exceeds the density of convective heat flows.