The use of hybrid communication architecture in underwater wireless sensor networks to enhance their lifetime and efficiency

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the main functional characteristics of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) with stationary and hybrid communication architectures. The UWSNs consist of sensor nodes located on the seabed and intermodal gateways facilitating the transmission of information packets between the underwater and above-water segments of the network. In the stationary UWSNs, anchored buoys serve as gateways, while in the hybrid UWSNs, mobile transport platforms fulfill this role. Using a mathematical framework based on a probabilistic approach, an evaluation of the functional characteristics of alternative communication architectures for UWSNs is performed from an energy perspective. The overall energy consumption of the network for message transmission and the sensor network's lifespan are determined. or the numerical analysis of the functional characteristics of UWSNs, a wide range of design parameters is considered, such as the size of the water area, the required number and placement options of sensor nodes, and the packet delivery probability in the water area (physical parameters of the environment). The search for "optimal" solutions from an energy standpoint is conducted within these parameter ranges. The conducted research demonstrates that mobility plays a crucial role in improving the functioning of underwater networks in terms of coverage (ensuring connectivity), energy efficiency, and lifetime. The mobile element, represented by the wave glider acting as an intermodal gateway, is capable of sustained operation in the water area for an extended period, indicating its potential for practical tasks such as data collection, storage, and information relay within the context of the Internet of Underwater Things.