Phase equilibria in fullerene-containing systems as a basis for development of manufacture and application processes for nanocarbon materials

This review is the first attempt to integrate the available data on all types of phase equilibria (solubility, extraction and sorption) in systems containing light fullerenes ($\mathrm C_{60}$ and $\mathrm C_{70}$). In the case of solubility diagrams, the following types of phase equilibria are considered: individual fullerene ($\mathrm C_{60}$ or $\mathrm C_{70}$)–solvent under polythermal and polybaric conditions; $\mathrm C_{60}$–$\mathrm C_{70}$–solvent, individual fullerene–solvent(1)–solvent(2), as well as multicomponent systems comprising a single fullerene or an industrial mixture of fullerenes and vegetable oils, animal fats or essential oils under polythermal conditions. All published experimental data on the extraction equilibria in $\mathrm C_{60}$–$\mathrm C_{70}$–liquid phase(1)–liquid phase(2) systems are described systematically and the sorption characteristics of various materials towards light fullerenes are estimated. The possibility of application of these experimental data for development of pre-chromatographic and chromatographic methods for separation of fullerene mixtures and application of fullerenes as nanomodifiers are described.
The bibliography includes 87 references.