Complex phosphates, formed by metal cations in oxidation states I and IV

Data on the synthesis, structure and physicochemical characteristics of phosphates formed by M^I and E^IV cations, in particular, double and more complex phosphates in which M^I has been partially replaced by H⁺ or (M')^I and PO₄^3– has been partially replaced by TO₄^n– (T=Si, As, B, Mo) are generalized and described systematically. The key factors responsible for the formation of a particular type of structure are analyzed. The possibilities are considered for preparing structures of a desired type and symmetry and for fine tuning of properties of obtained crystals by varying the cationic and anionic components of the phosphate with retention of stable structural fragments of the crystal ensemble and by selecting an appropriate method of synthesis. The ways of practical application of complex phosphates taking into account their structural features are demonstrated. Bibliography — 395 references.