Pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR) as EPR spectroscopy in nanometre range

The results of development of pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR) method and its applications in structural studies are generalised and described systematically. The foundations of the theory of the method are outlined, some methodological features and applications are considered, in particular, determination of the distances between spin labels in the nanometre range for iminoxyl biradicals, spin-labelled biomacromolecules, radical ion pairs and peptide–membrane complexes. The attention is focussed on radical systems that form upon self-assembly of nanosized complexes (in particular, peptide complexes), spatial effects, and radical pairs in photolysis and photosynthesis. The position of PELDOR among other structural EPR techniques is analysed.