Influence of surface-active bonds of carbon structures on discharge-charging processes of a current source

A study has been carried out of the effect on the discharge-charging processes of a current source of surface-active bonds of carbon structures used as additives in the composition of a negative electrode material. A mechanism has been proposed based on the conclusions derived from the Kossel–Stranski molecularkinetic theory, which explains the growth of 3PbOPbSO$_4$H$_2$O crystals upon the introduction of carbon materials. It has been established that the presence of carbon additives in the composition of the negative electrode material of starter lead-acid batteries increases the capacitance of 20-h discharge mode by up to 5% and the discharge duration by cold scrolling current to a final voltage of 6 V at negative temperatures of –18$^\circ$C and –30$^\circ$C by 3–4.5% and 9–13%, respectively.