Penetration of double-layer targets with an outer ceramic layer under the action of an impactor at an angle

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of interaction between an impactor directed at an angle and a double-layer target with an outer ceramic layer is performed. It is shown that the presence of a ceramic layer normalizes the penetration process: the main deformation and displacement of the target elements occur so as if the action of the impactor is directed along a normal to the target surface. A quite intense rotation of the impactor remains at the final stages of interaction is observed. Experimental data and propositions on the transformation of the impact at an angle into an equivalent impact along the normal are used to develop an approximate analytical technique for calculating the limiting rate of penetrating the double-layer ceramic–metallic target under the action of the impactor at an angle.