Effect of porosity on shaped-charge flow

It is shown that for shaped charges with porous liners, shaped-charge flow of two types is possible: dispersed jet flow, which fills the entire shaped-charge cavity, and monolithic jet flow. Conditions for transition from one type of flow to the other are estimated, and it is shown that by changing the initial porosity, it is possible to control the physicomechanical characteristics of the liner material during compression of the liner by the detonation products of the explosive charge. For monolithic jet flow, it is shown experimentally that shaped charges with porous liners can have greater penetrating capability into steel targets than charges with monolithic liners of similar design. Dispersed jet flow is used to apply coatings on substrate targets and to synthesize new compounds. Experiments are described in which shaped-charge liners made of a mechanical mixture of W or Ti powders with carbon are used to produce layers containing the carbides of the indicated metals on steel or titanium substrate.