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How a unitoid matrix loses its unitoidness?
Kh. D. Ikramova, A. M. Nazarib a Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
b Arak University, Iran
Abstract:
A unitoid is a square matrix that can be brought to diagonal form by a congruence transformation. Among
different diagonal forms of a unitoid $A$, there is only one, up to the order adopted for the principal diagonal,
whose nonzero diagonal entries all have the modulus $1$. It is called the congruence canonical form of $A$, while
the arguments of the nonzero diagonal entries are called the canonical angles of $A$. If $A$ is nonsingular then
its canonical angles are closely related to the arguments of the eigenvalues of the matrix $A^{-*}A$, called the
cosquare of $A$.
Although the definition of a unitoid reminds the notion of a diagonalizable matrix in the similarity theory,
the analogy between these two matrix classes is misleading. We show that the Jordan block $J_n(1)$, which
is regarded as an antipode of diagonalizability in the similarity theory, is a unitoid. Moreover, its cosquare
$C_n(1)$ has n distinct unimodular eigenvalues. Then we immerse $J_n(1)$ in the family of the Jordan blocks $J_n(\lambda)$,
where $\lambda$ is varying in the range $(0, 2]$. At some point to the left of $1$, $J_n(\lambda)$ is not a unitoid any longer. We discuss this moment in detail in order to comprehend how it can happen. Similar moments with even smaller
$\lambda$ are discussed, and certain remarkable facts about the eigenvalues of cosquares and their condition numbers
are pointed out.
Key words:
congruence transformation, canonical form, cosquare, unitoid matrix, canonical angles.
Received: 01.11.2023 Revised: 27.11.2023 Accepted: 19.04.2024
Citation:
Kh. D. Ikramov, A. M. Nazari, “How a unitoid matrix loses its unitoidness?”, Sib. Zh. Vychisl. Mat., 27:3 (2024), 277–286; Num. Anal. Appl., 17:3 (2024), 225–233
Linking options:
https://www.mathnet.ru/eng/sjvm877 https://www.mathnet.ru/eng/sjvm/v27/i3/p277
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| Abstract page: | 144 | | Full-text PDF : | 2 | | References: | 64 | | First page: | 21 |
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